Can Machines Read (Literature)?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2532-8816/8511Keywords:
Distant Reading, Surface Reading, Close Reading, Reader response criticism, Artificial IntelligenceAbstract
In this essay, we reflect on distant reading as one of the various takes on reading that currently prevail in literary scholarship as well as the teaching of literature. We focus on three concepts of reading which for various reasons can be considered inter-related: close reading, surface reading and distant reading. We offer a theoretical treatment of distant reading and demonstrate why it is closely related to the concept of machine reading (part of artificial intelligence). Throughout, we focus on the role of the individual reader in all this and argue that Digital Literary Studies have much to gain from paying closer attention to the so-called “natural” reading process of individual humans.
References
Bauer, Jean. 2011. “Who You Calling Untheoretical?” Journal of Digital Humanities 1 (1): s.p. http://journalofdigitalhumanities.org/1-1/who-you-calling-untheoretical-by-jean-bauer/.
Bertens, Hans. 2014. Literary Theory. The Basics. London: Routledge. 3rd ed.
Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. 2009. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.” In Stephen Best and Sharon Marcus (eds.), Special Issue: The Way We Read Now. Representations 108 (1): 1-21.
Burrows, J. F. 1987. Computation into Criticism: A Study of Jane Austen’s Novels. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Charon, Rita, Sayanti Dasgupta, Nellie Herrmann, Craig Irvine, Eric R. Marcus, Edgar Rivera Colon, Danielle Spencer, and Maura Spiegel. 2017. The Principles and Practice of Narrative Medecine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cohen, Margaret. 1999. The Sentimental Education of the Novel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Culler, Jonathan. 1997. Literary Theory. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Empson, William E. 1966 [1930]. Seven Types of Ambiguity. New York: New Directions.
Damrosch, David. 2003. What is World Literature? Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Felski, Rita. 2008. Uses of Literature. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Greenblatt, Stephen. 1980. Renaissance Self-Fashioning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Jacobs, Arthur. 2015. “Neurocognitive Poetics: Methods and Models for Investigating the Neuronal and Cognitive-Affective Bases of Literature Reception.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9: 1-22.
Michel, Jean-Baptiste et al.. 2011. “Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books” Science 331: 176-182.
Kirschenbaum, M.G. 2007. “The Remaking of Reading: Data Mining and the Digital Humanities.” In: The National Science Foundation Symposium on Next Generation of Data Mining and CyberEnabled Discovery for Innovation, Baltimore: s.p.
Kreiswirth, Martin. 1992. “Trusting the Tale: The Narrativist Turn in the Human Sciences.” New Literary History 23 (3): 629-657.
Marcus, Sharon. 2007. Between Women: Friendship, Desire, and Marriage in Victorian England. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
McCarthy, Willard. 2005. Humanities Computing. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
McCarty, Willard. 2004. “Modelling. A Study in Words and Meanings” In Susan Schreibman, Ray Siemens and John Unsworth (eds.), A Companion to Digital Humanities: 254–270. Oxford: Blackwell.
Martindale, Charles. 2004. Latin Poetry and the Judgement of Taste: An Essay in Aesthetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moretti, Franco. 2000. “Conjectures on World Literature.” New Left Review 1 (Jan-Febr): 54-68.
Moretti, Franco. 2013. Distant Reading. London: Verso.
Nichols, S.. 1997. “Why material philology? Some thoughts.” Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie, 116 (Sonderheft): 10-30.
O’Brien, Edward J. and Anne E. Cook. 2015. “Models of Discourse Comprehension.” In Alexander Pollatsek and Rebecca Treiman (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Reading (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 217-231.
Pollatsek, Alexander and Rebecca Treiman. 2015. “The Oxford Handbook of Reading: Setting the Stage.” In Pollatsek and Treiman (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Reading (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 3-9.
Ramsay, Stephen. 2003. ‘Reconceiving Text Analysis: Toward an Algorithmic Criticism’, Literary and Linguistic Computing 18 (2): 167–174.
Ramsay, Stephen. 2012. Reading Machines: Toward an Algorithmic Criticism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Siemens, R. and Schreibman, S. (eds.). 2008. A Companion to Digital Literary Studies. Oxford: Blackwell.
Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter. 1995. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Edinburgh: Pearson.
Heuser, Ryan. 2017. ‘Word Vectors in the Eighteenth Century’, Digital Humanities 2017. Book of Abstracts: s.p.
Tompkins, J.P. 1980. “An Introduction to Reader-Response Criticism.” In J.P. Tompkins (ed.), Reader-Response Criticism. From Formalism to Post-Structuralism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP), pp. ix-xxvi.
M. Turing. 1950. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind 49: 433-460.
Williams, Jeffrey J. 2015. “The New Modesty in Literary Criticism.” Chronicle of Higher Education 9 January: B6-9.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Mike Kestemont, Luc Herman
The copyrights and publishing rights of all articles in this journal belong to the respective authors without restrictions.
This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (full legal code).
See also our Open Access Policy.